Image showing what happens to olfactory nerve after head trauma…

Source!! http://www.anatomicaljustice.com/Custom-Medical-Illustrations/Trauma-to-the-Olfactory-Nerves?service=13&MS=0&BR=0&ST=0&page=8&id=1496

SOURCE:http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-knhgK2os13o/TkY66_XSrPI/AAAAAAAAF6A/Y9aanbdlraU/s1600/Hypokalemia+EKG.jpg

1)Both sexual minority stress (perceived gay-related stigma, excessive HIV bereavements) and aging-related stress (independence and fiscal concerns) appeared to have been detrimental to mental health. Sense of mastery partially mediated these associations. Being legally married was significantly protective net of all covariates, including having a domestic partner but not being married. Education, HIV status, and race/ethnicity had no significant effects.

We observed specific mental health benefits of same-sex legal marriage.(Wight, LeBlanc, de Vries, & Detels, 2012). … According to roady’s speaker, this study was done with grant of just  5000 dolllars…

2) Sexual minority women were divided into four groups to study their gender identities (butch and femme), and gender expression (traditionally gendered and non-traditionally gendered women who do not identify as butch or femme)(Levitt, Puckett, Ippolito, & Horne, 2012)

3) . The theory of minority stress seems to be a very interesting explanation. It integrates a variety of risk factors, which may influence the stress level. In the article we try to explain this concept, hoping that it will be useful in understanding the situation of homosexual people.(Iniewicz, Grabski, & Mijas, 2012)

4) LGB veterans were more likely to screen positive for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and alcohol problems than the comparison sample.(Cochran, Balsam, Flentje, Malte, & Simpson, 2013)

Cochran, B. N., Balsam, K., Flentje, A., Malte, C. A., & Simpson, T. (2013). Mental health characteristics of sexual minority veterans. J Homosex, 60(2-3), 419-435. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2013.744932

Iniewicz, G., Grabski, B., & Mijas, M. (2012). [Mental health of homosexual and bisexual people–role of minority stress]. Psychiatr Pol, 46(4), 649-663.

Levitt, H. M., Puckett, J. A., Ippolito, M. R., & Horne, S. G. (2012). Sexual minority women’s gender identity and expression: challenges and supports. J Lesbian Stud, 16(2), 153-176. doi: 10.1080/10894160.2011.605009

Wight, R. G., LeBlanc, A. J., de Vries, B., & Detels, R. (2012). Stress and mental health among midlife and older gay-identified men. Am J Public Health, 102(3), 503-510. doi: 10.2105/ajph.2011.300384

Expenditure means payment made on the health care services. According to National

Institute of Mental health 2006, the expenditure on mental health services is 58 billion

dollars, which make mental health as third condition, when it comes to the expenditure

on overall health. In this context, only expense on the cardiovascular and traumatic

conditions to mental health. Average amount spent by per person on mental health

services is estimated 1500 dollars for the eyar 2006.

Though I do not have SAS installed on my mac, just revising notes!!

Importing file from external source.

My one of friends tweeted about the meeting in Brooklyn on mental health aspects of recent hurricane. I would rather  call it Post Traumatic Sandy Disorder. It is sort of post traumatic stress or distress situation. Person might have fallen into depression if has lost something very important in his/her life.  I am looking forward to attend this meeting if time allows.

Faris and Durham study(1939)found out that the maximum number of schizophrenic cases were clustered in slum neighborhood in chicago. They made hypothesis that poverty was one of the important significant factor for their social seclusiveness. Though there were wrong in relating socially isolated to schizophrenia, but ultimately they were right in locating higher incidences of schizophrenia. Then Levy and Rowitz(19973) further confirmed this study.

On the other hand overcrowding in urban cities could be a factor for stress, which might result in mental disorders. Overcrowding was considered factor for pro interpersonal relationship.  When Ross(2000) compared advantaged and disadvantaged neighborhood, he found high level of depression in disadvantaged neighborhood. Latking an dCurry(2003) conducted neighborhood study in Baltimore and showed that neighborhood with stressful living condition had high level of depression.

In the mental health system, african americans tend to receive the least desirable treatment. They are more likely to be involuntarily committed and to be secluded  than other racial groups, and they are more likely perceived as violent.

African American may perceive mental disease differently from providers, because there are very few blacks among providers. They were generally unwilling to participate in any mental health treatment system because of the Tuskagee study. Many studies found that African Americans are over diagnosed with Schizophrenia. It leads significantly to overuse of antipsychotics, hence side-effects, for example: tar dive dyskinesia. In light of drug metabolism,there are ethnic differences too.

Lithium ratios in African Americans:  Lithium ratio in African Americans has been found to be associated with increased risk of hypertension in African Americans.

Clozapine is expensive, hence mostly unavailable to african americans, as African Americns are more likely on Medicaid.

African Americans have  lower baseline leukocyte count.

The recent study published in the New England Journal of Medicine focuses on the association between tai chi and Parkinson’s disease. 195 Parkinson’s patients wer randomized assigned got the intervention of exercises- tai chi, stretching, and resistant training. All 195 patients were decided on the basis of type of exercise. Intervention included exercise for an hour a day,twice in a week for six months. 
After six months, falls were significantly reduced in the patients practicing tai Chi. in addition, balance posture was more ate loses in patients who received thie dose of tai chi as intervention. 
Great study by Dr.Li!